Digging Deeper into Implicit Bias

We love data in America
with a passion I’ve seen firsthand. As part of a team of scholars from the New School, Duke Center for Social Equity, and Insight Center for
Community Economic Development who
study inequality, I’ve also seen an
abundance of groundbreaking data on racial and wealth disparities. While recent
acts of police brutality and racial terrorism may lead many to despair about the
disparities in our communities, our data also points to promising approaches that
could enable more people – both back and white – to live their lives to their
fullest potential.

As detailed in our recent
report, Umbrellas Don’t Make It Rain:
Why Studying and Working Hard Isn’t Enough for Black Americans, black
families face significant obstacles
to economic achievement in this country. Centuries of social and political choices, from slavery to Jim
Crow to subprime lending, stymie black families in their efforts to achieve
economic advancement through just working and studying hard.
Blacks with a college degree have two-thirds the
wealth of whites who are high-school dropouts and blacks with full time jobs
have about half the wealth of whites who are unemployed. Black Americans are
half as likely as their white counterparts to be given job opportunities and are selectively targeted for mass incarceration and “poverty violations” such as driving with a suspended license and failure to provide
proof of insurance.

In this context, the recent
video that surfaced of a McKinney police officer (which shows him dragging a
black girl by her hair and pulling his weapon when two young men ran to her
defense) became for me just one more demonstration of how power is not only
withheld from but also enforced against people of color. This incident, now overshadowed by the staggering
violence in South Carolina, is among a multitude of troubling indications that,
contrary to claims of “color-blindness” (especially among Millennials), we as a society are not becoming more
progressive on the issue of race.

However, I do believe – in
part because of what I’ve seen from the data my team analyzed – that a deeper
look at Officer Casebolt as an example can help us better understand why we as
a society are stuck and potentially open up pathways toward a more equitable
future.

Unlike his actions at the
pool party, you’ve probably read less about what Casebolt’s day was like before
the events recorded on video. Before the incident took place, Casebolt had responded to a suicide call where a black man shot
himself in the head in front of his wife and children. After this incident, he
responded to another call where a teenage girl was threatening to jump from the
roof of her parent’s home. Why does any of that matter? Because this backstory suggests
that Officer Casebolt’s behavior might have been a result of both internalized
racism and external emotional trauma.

While it’s impossible to
know what was in Casebolt’s mind, it’s a fact that while many white Americans
are ideologically opposed to racist prejudice, experts say that may not prevent
them from displaying racist behavior. NYU psychology professor David Amodio,
who researches prejudice, explains that while white participants in his studies “might write
down on a questionnaire that they are positive in their attitudes towards black
people,” you can see the influence of their implicit prejudices in a variety of
behavioral measures. These biases can be very difficult for even the most
well-intentioned to control, and in Casebolt’s case, were likely even more
challenging to keep in check after a traumatic day on duty.

Some might ask: so what? As
a trustee of the state, Casebolt had a sacrosanct obligation to “protect and
serve” all people, regardless of whether he was having a tough day. At the same
time, given how pervasive implicit bias is in the United States, we miss an opportunity
if we focus on Casebolt solely as an anomaly to be fired and forgotten.
Instead, we should view him as both a creator and victim of multiple overlapping systems that deprive most people of the opportunity to
express their humanity.

As Brigid Schulte’s brilliant analysis shows, in a society in which people are increasingly overwhelmed
and have decreasing leisure, we have less capacity to feel and be human. At the
same time, research suggests that having insufficient financial resources decreases our ability to connect with those who are
outside our immediate circle of community. If alienation and stress lead to the
manifestation of implicit bias, then we should expect empathic connection and
joy to be effective antidotes. The data bear
this out. Specifically, “the active consideration of other’s mental states and
subjective experience” is a powerful means to combat intergroup bias, as well
as “loving-kindness” meditation, a Buddhist practice in which people focus on developing
warm and friendly feelings toward others.

In the context of policing,
Casebolt’s example highlights the importance of prioritizing emotional welfare
and positive coping strategies in our efforts to address entrenched racism. Last
year the Wall Street Journal reported on efforts to help police officers cope with job-related stress
and emotional trauma. As one expert put it, “the culture of policing
historically has been that cops…engage in the worst bloody things and when
they are done, they’re supposed to be fine, to go home and have a beer.” What
if Officer Casebolt had access to more resources and support? It is certainly possible that he might have responded
more appropriately to the Texas teens’ pool party.

To
be clear, I do not mean to suggest that making more room to be human at work or
finding ways to keep financial stress from compromising our empathy ought take the
place of direct action and organizing for ending mass incarceration, implementing
aggressive job and income supports,
and scrapping tax policies that redistribute wealth from the bottom to the top. What
I am arguing is that both sets of concerns need to be on the table when we talk
about how to address the structural inequalities that our data so starkly
reveal. In particular, while both conscious and unconscious biases have created
significant obstacles for black families to live their lives to their fullest
potential, each requires a more creative and responsive strategy in order to pursue
our shared hopes for a better future. 

Ed. note: this article is part of From Moment to Movement: Conversations about Race in America, New America’s ongoing collaborative partnership with Howard University.