Selected Bibliography

Addo, Fenaba R., Jason N. Houle, and Daniel Simon, “Young, Black, and (Still) in the Red: Parental Wealth, Race, and Student Loan Debt.” Race and Social Problems 8 (March 2016): 64–76.

Armantier, Olivier, Luis Armona, Giacomo De Giorgi, and Wilbert van der Klaauw. Which Households Have Negative Wealth? New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2016.

Asante-Muhammad, Dedrick, Chuck Collins, Josh Hoxie, and Emanuel Nieves. The Ever-Growing Gap: Without Change, African-American and Latino Families Won’t Match White Wealth for Centuries. Washington, DC: CFED and the Institute for Policy Studies, 2016.

Barrett, Ben, Stephen Burd, Kevin Carey, Kim Dancy, Manuela Ekowo, Rachel Fishman, Alexander Holt, Amy Laitinen, Mary Alice McCarthy, and Iris Palmer. Starting from Scratch: A New Federal and State Partnership in Higher Education. Washington, DC: New America, 2016.

Berman, Jillian. “New York Fed Warns of Troubling Consequence of Rising Student Loan Debt.” Market Watch, August 2, 2016. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/new-york-fed-warns-of-troubling-consequence-of-rising-student-loan-debt-2016-08-01.

Brown, Carlton. “Negotiated Rulemaking for Higher Education 2013.” Testimony given at the U.S. Department of Education Office of Postsecondary Education Public Hearing, Atlanta, GA, June 4, 2013.

Burd, Stephen ed. Moving on Up? What a Groundbreaking Study Tells Us About Access, Success, and Mobility in Higher Education. Washington, DC: New America, October 2017.

Burd, Stephen, Kevin Carey, Jason Delisle, Rachel Fishman, Alex Holt, Amy Laitinen, and Clare McCann. Rebalancing Resources and Incentives in Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: New America, 2013.

Callahan, David. “How the GI Bill Left Out African Americans.” Policyshop, November 11, 2013. http://www.demos.org/blog/11/11/13/how-gi-bill-left-out-african-americans.

Canchola, Aissa, and Seth Frontman. “The Significant Impact of Student Debt on Communities of Color.” CFPB [blog], September 15, 2016. https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/significant-impact-student-debt-communities-color/.

Cervantes, Angelica, Marlena Cruesere, Robin McMillion, Carla McQueen, Matt Short, Matt Steiner, and Jeff Webster. Opening Doors to the Higher Education Act: Perspectives on the Higher Education Act 40 Years Later. Round Rock, TX: Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation, 2005.

Cheng, Diane, Debbie Cochrane, and Veronica Gonzalez. Student Debt and the Class of 2016. Washington, DC: The Institute for College Access and Success, 2017.

Cunningham, Alisa F., and Deborah A. Santiago. Student Aversion to Borrowing: Who Borrows and Who Doesn’t. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy and Excelencia in Education, 2008.

Douglas-Gabriel, Danielle. “Courts Side with Maryland HBCUs in Long-Standing Case Over Disparities in State Higher Education Funding.” Washington Post, November 9, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/11/09/courts-side-with-maryland-hbcus-in-longstanding-case-over-disparities-in-state-higher-education/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.fcdf39eab593.

Emmons, William R., and Bryan J. Noeth. Why Didn’t Higher Education Protect Hispanic and Black Wealth? St. Louis, MO: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2015.

Fishman, Rachel. “Education Department Publishes Final Rule on PLUS Loans.” EdCentral, October 22, 2014. https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/education-department-publishes-final-rule-plus-loans/.

Fishman, Rachel. The Parent Trap: Parent PLUS Loans and Intergenerational Borrowing. Washington, DC: New America, 2014.

Fishman, Rachel, Kim Dancy, Ben Barrett, and Sophie Nguyen. “Shining a Light on Award Letters that Keep Students in the Dark.” EdCentral (blog). New America, January 18, 2018. https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/award-letters/.

Gaddis, S. Michael. “Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market.” Social Forces (2014): 1–29.

Gershenson, Seth, and Nicholas Papageorge. “The Power of Teacher Expectations: How Racial Bias Hinders Student Attainment.” Education Next 18 (Winter 2018): 65–70.

Gillard, Merrit. Homeownership Is Still Out of Reach for Millions of Households. Washington, DC: CFED, 2016.

Grinstein-Weiss, Michal, Dana C. Perantie, Samuel H. Taylor, Shenyang Guo, and Ramesh Raghaven. “Racial Disparities in Education Debt Burden Among Low- and Moderate-Income households.” Children and Youth Services Review 65 (April 2016): 166–174.

Hamilton, Darrick, William Darity, Jr., Anne E. Price, Vishnu Shridharan, and Rebecca Tippett. Umbrellas Don’t Make It Rain: Why Studying and Working Hard Isn’t Enough for Black Americans. New York, NY: The New School, Duke Center for Social Equity, and Insight Center for Community and Economic Development: 2015.

Harris, Adam. “They Wanted Desegregation. They Settled for Money, and It’s About to Run Out.” Chronicle of Higher Education, March 26, 2018. https://www.chronicle.com/article/They-Wanted-Desegregation/242930.

Holland, Meghan, and Stefanie DeLuca. “‘Why Wait Years to Become Something?’ Low-Income Youth and the Costly Career Search in For-Profit Trade Schools.” Sociology of Education 89 (2016): 261–278.

Humes, Edward. “How the GI Bill Shunted Blacks into Vocational Training.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 53 (Autumn 2006): 92–104.

Hutcheson, Philo A. “The Truman Commission’s Vision of the Future.” Thought & Action (Fall 2007): 107–115.

Jackson, Brandon A., and John R. Reynolds, “The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College Achievement.” Sociological Inquiry 83 (August 2013): 335–368.

Johnson, Anne, Tobin Van Ostern, and Abraham White. The Student Debt Crisis. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2012.

Laderman, Sophia. State Higher Education Finance: FY 2017. Boulder, CO: SHEEO, 2018.

Lei, Serena. “Nine Charts About Wealth Inequality in America (Updated).” The Urban Institute, October 5, 2017.

Levy, Harold, and Peg Tyre. “How to Level the College Playing Field.” New York Times, April 7, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/07/opinion/sunday/harold-levy-college.html.

Lewis, Cora. “The Tipping Point.” BuzzFeed News, February 4, 2016. https://www.buzzfeed.com/coralewis/the-tipping-point.

Looney, Adam, and Constantine Yannelis. Borrowers with Large Balances: Rising Student Debt and Falling Repayment Rates. Washington, DC: The Bookings Institution, 2018.

McCann, Clare, and Rachel Fishman. “Avoiding the PSLFiasco: Part One.” EdCentral (blog). New America, September 6, 2017. https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/pslf-part-one/.

Miller, Ben. New Federal Data Show a Student Loan Crisis for African American Borrowers. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2017.

Miller, Ben. “Parent PLUS or Minus: Promoting Access or Putting Parents at Risk?” PowerPoint presentation at New America public event, Washington, DC, January 8, 2014.

Nasiripour, Shahien. “Parents Say They’d Sacrifice Retirement to Send Kids to College.” Bloomberg, August 15, 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/parents-say-they-d-sacrifice-retirement-to-send-kids-to-college.

National Center for Education Statistics. “Total Fall Enrollment in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Attendance Status, Sex of Student, and Control of Institution: Selected Years, 1947 through 2025.” Table, U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_303.10.asp.

Pratt, Sara, and Philip Tegeler. The Future of Fair Housing: Report of the National Commission on Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. Washington, DC: National Fair Housing Alliance, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 2008.

Nichols, Andrew Howard, Kimberlee Eberle-Sudre, and Meredith Welch. Rising Tide II: Do Black Students Benefit as Grad Rates Increase. Washington, DC: The Education Trust, 2016.

Nykiel, Teddy. “For Many Blacks, College Degrees Come with Outsized Debt.” NerdWallet, February 8, 2017. https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/loans/student-loans/why-student-loans-skyrocketing-for-black-students/.

Perlmeter, Emily Ryder, and Garrett Groves. Consumer Credit Trends for Dallas County. Dallas, TX: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2018.

Ratcliffe, Caroline, and Signe-Mary McKernan. Forever in Your Debt: Who Has Student Loan Debt, and Who’s Worried? Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2013.

Reeves, Richard V. “The (Bigger Than We Realized) Role Race Plays in College Debt.” Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2016. https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/05/02/the-bigger-than-we-realized-role-race-plays-in-college-debt/.

Rhee, Nari. Race and Retirement Insecurity in the United States. Washington, DC: National Institute on Retirement Security, 2013.

Rodriguez, Awilda. “Understanding the Parent PLUS Loan Debate in the Context of Black Families.” Research in Race and Ethnic Relations 19 (2015): 147–170.

Scott-Clayton, Judith. The Looming Student Loan Default Crisis is Worse Than We Thought. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, January 10, 2018.

Shapiro, Thomas M. Toxic Inequality: How America’s Wealth Gap Destroys Mobility, Deepens the Racial Divide, & Threatens Our Future. New York: Basic Books, 2017.

Stepler, Renee. Hispanic, Black Parents See College Degree as Key for Children’s Success. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2016.

Sullivan, Laura, Tatjana Meschede, Lars Dietrich, Thomas Shapiro, Amy Traub, Catherine Ruetschlin, and Tamara Draut. The Racial Wealth Gap: Why Policy Matters. New York: Demos and the Institute for Assets & Social Policy at Brandeis University: 2015.

“T. Rowe Price Survey Finds Kids Expect Parents to Cover the Cost of Whatever College They Want and Parents Are Unprepared.” Press release on Parents, Kids, & Money Survey, August 4, 2016.

Thomasson, Andy. “Martin O’Malley has $340,000 in Parent PLUS Loans.” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 8, 2015. https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/martin-omalley-has-340000-in-parent-plus-loans/101689.

Thomson, Jeffrey P., and Gustavo A. Sarez. Exploring the Racial Wealth Gap Using the Survey of Consumer Finances. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2015.

“Direct PLUS Loans and Adverse Credit.” Federal Student Aid (website). U.S. Department of Education, March 2015. https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/sites/default/files/plus-adverse-credit.pdf.

Social Security Offsets: Improvement to Program Design Could Better Assist Older Student Loan Borrowers with Obtaining Permitted Relief. GAO 17–45. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, December 2016.

Vinik, Danny. “The Alarming Retirement Crisis Facing Minorities in America.” The New Republic, February 18, 2015. https://newrepublic.com/article/121084/urban-institute-study-minorities-have-built-less-wealth-whites.

Wolff, Edward N. Household Wealth Trends in the United States, 1962–2013: What Happened Over the Great Recession. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014.

Woo, Jennie, and Laura Horn. Reaching the Limit: Undergraduates Who Borrow the Maximum Amount in Federal Direct Loans: 2011–12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics, 2016.

Zook, George Frederick. Higher Education for American Democracy, A Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947.